深圳翻譯公司如何提高英語(yǔ)翻譯質(zhì)量

           在翻譯界，深圳翻譯公司質(zhì)量是最為棘手的話題。英語(yǔ)翻譯公司要想提供質(zhì)量，建議要求譯員在實(shí)際工作中按照下列方法來(lái)操作。
一、總覽全文，統(tǒng)籌兼顧每個(gè)字、每句話都是全文的一部分，在文章中占據(jù)一定地位、起一定作用。字與字、句與句之間是互相聯(lián)系的。不管哪種語(yǔ)言，一詞多義都是普遍現(xiàn)象。究竟取其哪一層意思，得看上下文。不同的詞語(yǔ)搭配、不同的句子結(jié)構(gòu)以及在不同的上下文中，同一詞會(huì)有不同的含義和翻譯方法。這是指語(yǔ)言上的上下文，是傳統(tǒng)的上下文觀念，還要聯(lián)系實(shí)際生活，要考慮說(shuō)話者的意圖、使用的場(chǎng)合等諸多因素，這是語(yǔ)言環(huán)境的“上下文”。脫離了上下文，有時(shí)很難判斷一個(gè)詞、一句話的真實(shí)含義。如果可文章，拿來(lái)就譯，有些詞句就有可能理解錯(cuò)，翻譯錯(cuò)。

           但如果先看一二遍全文，對(duì)原文的中心思想有比較清楚的了解，然后再譯，就會(huì)更好地理解、翻譯每個(gè)字、每句話。這樣才能使譯文前后連貫、語(yǔ)句通順，取得最佳整體效果。總之，翻譯要有全局觀念，要把每句話放到全文中去理解和翻譯。例1 she acknowledged herself puzzled.這句話語(yǔ)法簡(jiǎn)單，也沒(méi)有任何生字，但它至少可以有三種雖然相互聯(lián)系但側(cè)重不同的理解。i)她承認(rèn)自己感到困惑。究竟取哪一種?要看上下文，看語(yǔ)境。如果她在考慮問(wèn)題。可譯為“想不通”。如果她在問(wèn)路，問(wèn)了兩個(gè)人，但兩個(gè)人所指的方向完全相反，那就應(yīng)譯為：“不知所措”。例2 The police were told to stop drinking.這句話也很簡(jiǎn)單，但可以理解為：i)要求警察去禁酒；ii)要警察本人停止酗酒。沒(méi)有上下文，很難判斷。例3 必須注意改革、發(fā)展和穩(wěn)定的關(guān)系。“關(guān)系”是中國(guó)人用得比較多的一個(gè)詞。但在不同的上下文中，這個(gè)詞有不同的含義專(zhuān)利文件翻譯及專(zhuān)業(yè)技術(shù)類(lèi)文件翻譯。

           通常情況下，“關(guān)系”譯為：relationship.在這里，主要是講三者之間互相影響的問(wèn)題。似可譯為：It is imperative to pay attention to the interplay of reform, development and stability. 或It is important to properly handle the interplay of reform, development and stability.例4 這是一個(gè)較長(zhǎng)的過(guò)程。這句話是簡(jiǎn)單陳述句。如果沒(méi)有上下文，可以譯為：It is a fairly long process.但如果整段話是講社會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的建設(shè)問(wèn)題，譯成It takes a fairly long period of time to accomplish that.也許更好一些。例5 中美雙方互利互補(bǔ)性很強(qiáng)。“互利”通常譯為：mutually beneficial.然而此句如果譯為：Our two economies are highly complementary and mutually beneficial.則意味著兩國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)自然是互相有利的，這不符合實(shí)際情況。根據(jù)上下文，應(yīng)理解為：兩國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)互補(bǔ)性強(qiáng)，如發(fā)揮這種互補(bǔ)性對(duì)雙方有利。似可譯為：Our two economies are highly complementary and can be mutually beneficial.例6 (我領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人已經(jīng)接受訪問(wèn)邀請(qǐng)，由于發(fā)生了一些新情況，我方在回答記者問(wèn)題時(shí)表示)，是否成行，取決于綜合考慮。“綜合考慮”是譯為comprehensive consideration,還是overall developments,要看具體情況。

           鑒于要訪問(wèn)的國(guó)家出現(xiàn)了一些令我不滿(mǎn)的事情，是否去訪還要看事態(tài)的進(jìn)一步的發(fā)展，所以譯為：Whether ××× will make the trip or not depends on overall developments.這樣翻譯也有助于向該國(guó)保持壓力。例7 東盟地區(qū)論壇會(huì)是在18國(guó)范圍內(nèi)就亞態(tài)政治安全問(wèn)題的首次接觸。直譯：It is the first time for ARF to meet on the political and security issues of Asia-Pacific within the framework of 18 countries.譯文中部分意思表達(dá)得不夠清楚，問(wèn)題是如何理解“18國(guó)范圍內(nèi)”和“首次接觸”?這里的“18國(guó)范圍”是指由18國(guó)家參加，因此沒(méi)有必要譯出“the framework of”這里的“接觸”指由這些國(guó)家共同討論這一問(wèn)題。似可譯為：The ARE meeting will be the first time for the 18 countries to discuss political and security issues in the Asia-Pacific region.例8 領(lǐng)導(dǎo)太復(fù)雜，不但下邊不好辦，就是我們處理問(wèn)題畫(huà)圈圈都難，都是些麻煩事。With too many leaders, not only do the comrades at lower levels find it hard to get things done, but we ourselves have trouble circulating paper for approval.在這句話中，“復(fù)雜”指什么?是指領(lǐng)導(dǎo)太多，還是指領(lǐng)導(dǎo)間有矛盾，只有看上下文才清楚。例9 我們這些老同志擺在那里，他們也不好工作。沒(méi)有上下文，不太清楚這句話中的“擺在那里”這四個(gè)字的含義。聯(lián)想到上文中講到老同志應(yīng)該退下來(lái)，就清楚了，是指老同志繼續(xù)擔(dān)任職務(wù)，要影響新上來(lái)同志的工作。可譯為：If we old comrades remain at the posts, newcomers will find it difficult to play their part.例10 每個(gè)國(guó)家的實(shí)際情況不同，改革和發(fā)展沒(méi)有固定的模式。

            直譯：As countries differ in national conditions the mode of reform and development vary.從字面上看，這句話可以理解為陳述一種情況，即：世界上還沒(méi)有固定的改革和發(fā)展模式。但從上下文看，是指評(píng)某些國(guó)家總想把它們的一套強(qiáng)加于人。直譯沒(méi)有將這句話的實(shí)質(zhì)含義譯出來(lái)。似可譯為：As countries differ there should not be a uniform model of reform and development for all countries.或As conditions vary with each country, there can be no set model of reform and development for all countries.例11 中國(guó)在本國(guó)財(cái)政并不寬裕的情況下，向非洲國(guó)家提供了一些援助。初譯：China offered some assistance to African countries when it was not better off.譯文用的是過(guò)去式，可能會(huì)被理解為：中國(guó)過(guò)去不寬裕時(shí)提供過(guò)援助。那么，現(xiàn)在寬裕了，就更應(yīng)該援助了。但把它放在整篇講話中去理解，它的內(nèi)在含義是，盡管我們不寬裕，我們還是提供援助了。

          似可譯為：China has offered assistance to African countries, although it is not better off itself.例12 建立社會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)是一項(xiàng)前無(wú)古人的開(kāi)創(chuàng)性事業(yè)，必須在保持社會(huì)穩(wěn)定的前提下秩序漸進(jìn)。初譯：To establish the socialist market economy is an unprecedented creative undertaking. Therefore, it should be pursued in an incremental manner under the premise of social stability.這句話的后半句“在……的前提下”如何理解?譯文使用“under the premise of”符合中文的字面意思。但從上下文來(lái)看，是強(qiáng)調(diào)建立社會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)不要影響社會(huì)穩(wěn)定。似可譯為：To establish the socialist market economy is a pioneering enterprise never tried before. Therefore, it must be accomplished step by step without prejudice to social stability.例13 東盟地區(qū)論壇應(yīng)在已經(jīng)取得共識(shí)的領(lǐng)域先行推進(jìn)建立信任措施和其他合作。初譯：Prior to other things, efforts should be made to have cooperation in implementing confidence-building measures and in other areas where consensus has been arrived in ARF.譯文把“先行”譯成“在做其他事之前，先進(jìn)行合作”。把“先行”放在句子中去理解。它顯然不是指時(shí)間上的先后，而是內(nèi)容或重點(diǎn)上的先后，指合作先從已取得共識(shí)的領(lǐng)域開(kāi)始。

         似可譯為“ARF should identify confidence building measures and conduct cooperation first in those areas where there is consensus.例14 中國(guó)積極參加關(guān)于全面禁止核試驗(yàn)協(xié)議的談判，爭(zhēng)取不遲于1996年達(dá)成協(xié)議。初譯：China has taken an active part in the negotiations on CTBT, with a view to concluding a comprehensive test ban treaty no later than 1996.譯文的毛病是，它含有協(xié)議的達(dá)成取決于中國(guó)一家的意思。這里“爭(zhēng)取”的實(shí)際含義是，我們希望這一協(xié)議能在1996年以前達(dá)成，并在為此盡我們的努力?？勺g為：China has taken an active part in the negotiations on CTBT, hoping to see it concluded no later than 1996.例15 1992年我曾有幸在這里就中國(guó)改革開(kāi)放和中英關(guān)系的發(fā)展發(fā)表了一些看法。初譯：It was a privilege for me to express some opinions on China’s reform and opening-up and on the development of Sino-British relations in this Institute in 1992.這是我領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人在外國(guó)一家研究所演講中的一句話。在這種場(chǎng)合談中國(guó)改革開(kāi)放，不是在討論中發(fā)表個(gè)人的看法，而是代表國(guó)家介紹我改革開(kāi)放情況。因此，用“express some opinions"不太合適?？紤]到當(dāng)時(shí)的場(chǎng)合和環(huán)境，似可譯為：Here in 1992,I had the honor sharing my views with you on the reform and opening-up in China and on Sino-British relations.例16 我們將進(jìn)一步提高對(duì)外開(kāi)放的水平，有步驟地開(kāi)放金融等服務(wù)領(lǐng)域。初譯：We will open China even wider and take a step-by-step approach to open such service sectors as banking.原文中“水平”兩字是指廣度，還是指深度?孤立地看很難確定。但把它放在整句話中去看，就不難理解。這句話的前后兩部分是有機(jī)聯(lián)系的，后一部分明確說(shuō)明前一部分的含義。

           原文的意思顯然不是將中國(guó)更多城市或地區(qū)向國(guó)外開(kāi)放，而是指在更多的領(lǐng)域上放開(kāi)?？勺g為：We will further deepen the opening-up and gradually open our service sector such as banking.例17 今天上午，我同貴國(guó)總理和外長(zhǎng)等領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人進(jìn)行了會(huì)晤。在這句話中，要正確翻譯“等”字，就要弄清“等”的含義，是虛的，還是實(shí)的；是列舉未盡還是列舉后的煞尾?如是虛的，就是只同總理和外長(zhǎng)會(huì)晤了，可譯為：This morning ,I met Their Excellencies Prime Minister and Foreign Minister separately.如是實(shí)的，則指還同其他人進(jìn)行了會(huì)晤，就應(yīng)譯為：This morning, I met Their Excellencies Prime Minister , Foreign Minister and other leaders.總之，翻譯必須有全局觀念，聯(lián)系上下文。“從大處著眼，從小處著手”。二、分清主次，突出重點(diǎn)每篇文章、每個(gè)段落、每句話都有中心思想。為了闡述中心思想，必然使用不少輔助語(yǔ)言。翻譯時(shí)，要分清主次、輕重，抓住重點(diǎn)。1．有時(shí)，中文修辭上的主語(yǔ)與語(yǔ)法上或形式上的主語(yǔ)不一致。這時(shí)，譯成英語(yǔ)時(shí)就需把修辭上的主語(yǔ)放在首或句尾，以突出重點(diǎn)。例1 各國(guó)人民的正義斗爭(zhēng)都是互相支持的。這句話的形式上的主語(yǔ)是“斗爭(zhēng)”，但相互支持的動(dòng)作發(fā)出者是“人民”而不是“斗爭(zhēng)”，應(yīng)該突出“人民”?？勺g為：The people of all countries support one another in their just struggles.如果譯為：The just struggles of the people of the world support each other. Struggles與support each other搭配不當(dāng)，不符合英語(yǔ)的習(xí)慣。而且，主語(yǔ)太長(zhǎng)，頭重腳輕。例2 The interpretation of a right of such importance as the right of reproduction should be in reasonable harmony all over the world.在這句話里，語(yǔ)法上的主語(yǔ)是“……權(quán)利的解釋”，而實(shí)際上的動(dòng)作發(fā)出者是“全世界”。因此，似可譯為：“全世界對(duì)像復(fù)制權(quán)這樣重要的權(quán)利的解釋?xiě)?yīng)該有相當(dāng)一致的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。”這樣翻譯，既為了突出重點(diǎn)，也符合中文的表達(dá)習(xí)慣。2．突出重點(diǎn)，意思明確。翻譯任何東西，都要吃透原文、原話的精神，抓住重點(diǎn)。這樣翻譯出來(lái)的成品才能讓人一目了然?，F(xiàn)舉幾例說(shuō)明。例1 不管天下發(fā)生什么事，只要人民吃飽肚子，一切就好辦了。As long as the people are well fed, everything else would be easier, no matter what may happen.例2 我們兩國(guó)國(guó)情雖不同，但我們能超越社會(huì)制度和意識(shí)形態(tài)的差異，尊重各自選擇的發(fā)展道路。初譯：Although our two countries differ in the national conditions, we have respected each other’s choice of the road to development, despite the differences in our social system and ideology.改譯：Our two countries respect each other’s choice of road to development, regardless of the difference in social system, ideology and national conditions.這句話的重點(diǎn)是“尊重各自的選擇”，而國(guó)情、社會(huì)制度和意識(shí)形態(tài)不同可以合在一起。

           比較一下兩種譯法。在這里，第二種譯法突出重點(diǎn)，將原文主要意思表達(dá)得更明確。例3 聯(lián)合國(guó)維和行動(dòng)在緩解地區(qū)沖突方面可以起一定的積極作用。但近年來(lái)，隨著維和行動(dòng)數(shù)量增加，規(guī)模擴(kuò)大，頻頻使用強(qiáng)制性手段，并越來(lái)越多地涉及一國(guó)內(nèi)部事務(wù)，維和行動(dòng)再度陷入進(jìn)退兩難的境地。初譯：UN peace-keeping operations can play a considerably positive role in relaxation of regional conflicts. In recent years, however, with the expansion in numbers and scales, peace-keeping operations have frequently resorted to mandatory means and more and more involved in the internal affairs of the country concerned. As a result, peace-keeping operations are time and again trapped in dilemma.中文習(xí)慣于先陳述理由，然后出結(jié)論。而英文則習(xí)慣先說(shuō)出總結(jié)性的話，然后陳述理由。翻譯時(shí)應(yīng)注意這一特點(diǎn)，使譯文中心明確、重點(diǎn)突出。似可譯為：UN peace-keeping operations can, to some extent, play a positive role in easing regional conflicts. However in recent years, they have now again landed themselves in a predicament with their expansion in number and on scale, frequent imposition of mandatory means and increased involvement in the internal affairs of the receiving countries.例4 中華人民共和國(guó)將與海岸相向或相鄰的國(guó)家，通過(guò)協(xié)商，在國(guó)際法基礎(chǔ)上，按照公平原則劃定各自海洋管轄權(quán)界限（摘自1996年我人大常委會(huì)批準(zhǔn)《聯(lián)合國(guó)海洋法公約》時(shí)發(fā)表的聲明）。

         初譯：The People’s Republic of China will discuss with the countries with coasts opposite or adjacent to China how to delimitate the boundary for the respective maritime jurisdiction according to the equitable principle.此譯文重點(diǎn)放在上。而原文的重點(diǎn)在“劃定”上，“協(xié)商”則是方式。因此，應(yīng)譯為：The People’s Republic of China will, through consultations with the countries with coasts opposite or adjacent to China, get their boundaries of their respective maritime jurisdiction delimited in accordance with the equitable principle and on the basis of international law.例5 我由于國(guó)內(nèi)工作，出訪時(shí)間不能太長(zhǎng)。這次很遺憾不能訪問(wèn)所有朋友們。初譯：Due to my domestic schedule which does not allow too long an overseas trip, I am not capable of visiting all my friends time, which I very much regret.中文里“不能訪問(wèn)所有朋友”的原因不是“沒(méi)有能力”，而是沒(méi)有時(shí)間。因此，“not capable of”這一詞組用在這里不合適。為使句子的中心更加突出、意思更加明確，似可譯為：My tight domestic schedule does not allow me to be away from home too long. I am very sorry for not being able to visit all my friends this time.例6 Investment will not take place unless a stable and uniform regime of legal protection is established.這句話要強(qiáng)調(diào)的顯然是后半部分的狀語(yǔ)從句。翻譯時(shí)，為突出重點(diǎn)，可先譯從句，再譯主句。可譯為：如果沒(méi)有一個(gè)穩(wěn)定、統(tǒng)一的法律保護(hù)制度，人們則不會(huì)來(lái)投資。例7 國(guó)際社會(huì)正越來(lái)越多議論建立一個(gè)什么樣的國(guó)際新秩序問(wèn)題。初譯：Discussions about establishing a new world order are heard more and more often in the international community.這句話的重點(diǎn)不在于是否經(jīng)常聽(tīng)到議論，而在于人們關(guān)注什么。因此，可譯為：The international community is focusing more and more on the issue of what kind of new international order should be established.三、頭尾呼應(yīng)，前后一致當(dāng)拆譯長(zhǎng)句子或翻譯無(wú)人稱(chēng)句子時(shí)，要注意前后一致、頭尾呼應(yīng)。例1 要和平、不要對(duì)抗；要合作，不要強(qiáng)權(quán)；要發(fā)展，不要貧困；既是深刻的歷史教訓(xùn)，也是當(dāng)今社會(huì)發(fā)展的主流，是世人的共同呼聲。初譯：We want peace instead of confrontation. We want cooperation instead of power politics. We want development instead of poverty. This is not only a profound lesson of history, but also the main trend of the time and the common aspiration of the world people.前面三個(gè)小句子的主語(yǔ)都是“we”，最后一句話又用了“the world people”兩者不統(tǒng)一。另外，“we want”重復(fù)三次，譯文顯得不夠簡(jiǎn)練、有力。為了加重語(yǔ)氣，并使句子前后緊密聯(lián)系，似可譯為：We the people of the world want peace, not confrontation; cooperation, not power politics; development, not poverty. This is a profound historical lesson we have learned and it represents the main trend of the times and our common aspiration.例2 由于歷史的原因，當(dāng)今國(guó)際社會(huì)存在許多爭(zhēng)端。妥善處理和解決這些爭(zhēng)端，維護(hù)世界和平是有關(guān)各國(guó)共同的責(zé)任。初譯：In the current world, behind the numerous disputes we may find their historical sources. It is therefore the common responsibility for all countries to properly handle and settle these disputes so as to safeguard world peace and stability.第一句與第二句的邏輯關(guān)系并不是很密切，因此，“therefore”用得勉強(qiáng)，呼應(yīng)不起來(lái)。重新組織句子，可譯為：Owing to historical reasons, there exist a number of disputes in the international community. Proper settlement of these disputes and maintenance of world peace are the common responsibility of all countries involved.例3 如果雙方要對(duì)抗，我們可以找很多麻煩，制造很多人為障礙。初譯：Should the two sides go in for confrontation, we will be able to find out a lot of trouble and create many man-made obstacles.原文是批評(píng)某些國(guó)家制造事端。行文中人稱(chēng)不一致，“我們”實(shí)際上是泛指，而不是真正指“我們”。按字面譯成“我們”容易引起誤解。似可譯為：Should one want confrontation, one can always create trouble and set up obstacles.四、邏輯緊密，結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)無(wú)論是理解原文，還是表達(dá)，都需要依靠邏輯為指導(dǎo)。理解原文、原話要靠邏輯幫助判斷。而表達(dá)最要注意的是抓住重點(diǎn)，理清思路，符合邏輯。中文有時(shí)靠?jī)?nèi)在邏輯聯(lián)系將句大連在一起，而英文則需要依靠句子結(jié)構(gòu)或虛詞將句子聯(lián)系在一起。例1 我們擺脫了傳統(tǒng)的計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)模式，一個(gè)有中國(guó)特色的社會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)體制正在逐步形成。初譯：We have abandoned the traditional model of planned economy and a socialist market economic structure with the Chinese characteristics is gradually taking shape.這句話的前后兩部分是“破和立”的關(guān)系。按現(xiàn)在這樣翻譯，兩部分聯(lián)系不夠緊密，而且，主語(yǔ)也不一致。似可改為：We have moved away from the traditional model of the planned economy and gradually into a socialist market economy suited to the conditions in China.例2 深圳翻譯公司(在談判是否在東盟地區(qū)論壇會(huì)上討論地區(qū)安全合作問(wèn)題時(shí)，我表示)中方贊成利用學(xué)術(shù)研究第二軌道，在民間層次對(duì)安全合作課題進(jìn)行先期研究。

        初譯：China favors academic study as the parallel track of ARF so that preliminary study on security cooperation can be conducted.這樣翻譯，意思不清楚，邏輯也不嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)。實(shí)際上，這句話的后半句解釋了它的前半句。地區(qū)論壇是官方軌道，學(xué)術(shù)研究是民間軌道。我們希望先在學(xué)術(shù)研究這一層次上對(duì)這一問(wèn)題進(jìn)行研究，而不要一開(kāi)始就拿到地區(qū)論壇上來(lái)談。似可譯為：China favors the use of academic study as a supplementary channel to ARF, i.e. preliminary study of the issue of security cooperation at the non-governmental level.例3 值得一提的是，我們認(rèn)為安全合作應(yīng)旨在增進(jìn)了解。初譯：It is worth pointing out that we deem the purpose of security cooperation as promoting mutual understanding. Worth doing something這一詞組一般用在做真正有價(jià)值的事。這句話中“值得一提”的內(nèi)容是一種看法，是講話者想強(qiáng)調(diào)的東西?？梢宰g為：It should be particularly stressed that security cooperation should be aimed at promoting understanding.